
The mother and father are German nationals. They married in 2005 and had three children. The parents separated in 2012 and the children lived with

Habitual Residence – Art. 3 Though a child can acquire ?habitual residence” within a very short time, it is really the quality of the child’s

The parents met in 2017 in Canada. The mother is a French citizen and the father a Portuguese citizen and permanent resident of Canada. They

Removal and Retention – Arts 3 and 12 The Supreme Court of Mendoza held that for wrongful removal or retention to exist, two elements must

Removal and Retention – Arts 3 and 12 The court was of the view that the mother was not authorized to move with the children

The father is a Brazilian citizen, but has lived in Massachusetts, United States, since 1999. The mother is a Canadian citizen and lives in Manitoba,

Rights of Custody – Art. 3 The question whether the mother actually exercised custody at the time of the removal of the children concerns Article

The father, a German citizen, and the mother, a Canadian citizen, married in 2001 and had four children (born in 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2009).